| To Foreignize or To Domesticate |
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6. Conclusion On examining the translation of metaphor and the discussion of some of the problems involved, I have realized that different methods of translation are changeable rather than fixed, contingent rather than eternal. Whether to use foreignizing or domesticating strategy depends on different factors such as the importance and the contextual factors of the SL text, the consideration of referential accuracy, the reader’s acceptability and the "pragmatic economy" (Newmark, 1988b: 110). I believe there are special problems involved in the translation of metaphor, but the theory of the translation of metaphor is justifiable within the general theory of translation. To sum up, in translation practice, there is no foreignization without some degree of domestication, by the same token, there is no domestication without some degree of foreignization. Reference Bassnett, S. & A. Lefevere. 1998. Constructing Cultures: essays on Literary translation. Clevedon/Philadelphia/ Toronto/Sydney/Johannesburg: Multilingual Matters LTD. 168 pp. Dagut, M.B. 1976. Can "Metaphor" Be Translated? Babel, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp.21-33. Fung, Mary M.Y. 1995. Translation of Metaphor. In An Encyclopedia of Translation.eds. Chan Sin-wai & D.E. Pollard. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. 658 pp. ------ and K.L. Kiu. 1987. Metaphor Across Language and Culture. Babel, Vol.33, No.2, pp84-106. He Ziren. 1994. Pragmatics and Translation. In Fan Yi Xin Lun. Eds. Yang Zijian and Liu Xueyun. Wuhan: Wubei Jiaoyu Chubanshe. 849pp. Lakoff, George & M. Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago and London: The University of hicago Press. 243 pp. Newmark, Peter.1988a. Approaches to Translation. London: Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd. X + 200 pp. ----- 1988b. A Textbook of Translation. London: Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd. 292 pp. Shuttleworth, M. & M. Cowie. 1997. Dictionary of Translation Studies. Manchester, UK: St Jerome Publishing. 236 pp. Snell-Hornby. M. 1988. Translation Studies - An Integrated Approach. Amsterdam /Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. VIII + 172 pp. van de Broech, Raymond. 1981.The Limits of Translatability as Exemplified by Metaphor Translation. Poetics Today, Vol.2, No. 4, pp 73-87. Venuti, Lawrence. 1995. The Translator’s Invisibility -- A History of Translation. London and New York: Routledge XII + 353 pp. 许广平，1955，鲁迅与翻译。 《翻译论集》(1984，罗新璋编)。. 北京：商务印书馆。X +1047 pp. Xu Guangping. 1955. Lu Xun Yu Fan Yi. In Fan Yi Lun Ji (1984, Luo Xinzhang Bian). Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan. X +1047 pp. 张培基等，1980，《英汉翻译教程》。上海：上海外语教育出版社。VIII + 330 pp. Zhang Peiji. et al. 1980. Ying Han Fan Yi Jiao Cheng. Shanghai: Shanghai Waiyu Jiaoyu Chubanshe. VIII + 330pp. 冯世则，1981, 意译、直译、逐字译。《翻译通讯》第2 期，第7-8页。 Feng Shize. 1981. Yi Yi, Zhi Yi, Zhu Zi Yi. In Translation Bulletin No.2, pp 7-8. 徐世谷，1981，衣柜里究竟藏着什么？-- 从一个译例看直译的可取。《翻译通迅》第6期，第19-20页。 Xu Shigu. 1981. Yi Kui Li Jiujing Changzhe Shenme? - Cong Yige Yili Kan Zhiyi de Kequ. In Translation Bulletin No.6, pp 19-20. 陆谷孙 (主编)，1993，《英汉大词典》。上海：上海译文出版社。15 + 2308 pp. Lu Gusun (ed.). 1993. Ying Han Da Ci Dian. Shanghai: Shanghai Yi Wen Chubanshe. 15+2308pp. 李荫华等 (译审)，1995，《朗文英汉双解英语成语辞典》。上海：上海科学技术出版社/朗文出版有限公司。 XXIX + 582 pp. Li Yinhua (Yi Shen.). 1995. Lang Wen Ying Han Shuang Jie Yingyu Chengyu Cidian. Shanghai: Shanghai Kexue Jishu Chubanshe / Lang Wen Chuban Youxian Gongsi. XXIX + 582 pp. 郭著章、李庆生，1996. 《英汉互译实用教程》。武昌：武汉大学出版社。519 pp. Guo Zhuzhang, Li Qingsheng. 1996. Ying Han Hu Yi Shi Yong Jiao Cheng. Wuchang: Wuhan Daxue Chubanshe. 519 pp. |
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