| 老年起病的支气管哮喘 |
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| 老年起病的支气管哮喘 | ||||
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临床需要使用口服糖皮质激素时(或者规则使用或者用于控制病情恶化),监测可能出现的副作用较重要。必要时预防糖皮质激素引起的骨质疏松症,并有规律地考查治疗方案以防止不必要地使用皮质激素。应使规则应用糖皮质激素的老年支气管哮喘病人了解糖皮质激素的所有副作用,并制定相应的糖皮质激素使用卡。在治疗老年哮喘病人中,应尽量使病人及其亲属、护理人员了解病人的病情,这将有助于提高疗效。没有证据表明,老年病人没有能力实施个体化治疗方案。而越来越多的研究表明,对于老年病人更应采取个体化的治疗方案。在判断和治疗哮喘急性加重方面,最新的英国国家哮喘治疗指南对于老年患者颇为适用。该指南强调对于老年患者,评介严重度的客观指标尤为重要。由于老年病人对支气管痉挛的反应性较低,常在病情较严重后才就医。该指南所引用的预后不良标准同样适用于老年病人。除记住该指南外,临床医师在诊疗老年患者哮喘急性发作时,由于老年患者哮喘和COPD(特别是病情早期)诊断易混乱,高浓度给氧时,还应有规律地进行血气分析。过度依靠经皮氧饱和度监测可导致临床处置延迟,并可加重COPD病人的Ⅱ型呼衰。决定是否需行机械通气(无论是无创性或侵入性)时,不应只基于年龄来考虑,还应考虑到病人的呼吸功能状况,机械通气的并发症,先前机械通气情况以及病人及其家属的愿望[17,18]。 5 结论 [参考文献] 1 Enright PL,Mc Clelland RL,Newman AB,et al.Underdiagnosis and undertreatment of asthma in the elderly.Chest,1999,116:603-613. 2 Bauer BA,Reed CE,Yunginger JW,et al.Incidence and outcomes of asthma in the Elderly A population-based in Rochester,Mina-estoa.Chest,1997,112:303-310. 3 李明华,殷凯生,朱栓立.哮喘病学.北京:人民卫生出版社,1998,457-466. 4 Ekici M,Apan A,Ekici A,et al.Perception of bronchoconstriction in elderly asthmatics.J Asthma,2001,38:691-696. 5 Renwick DS,Connolly MJ.Do respiratory symptoms predict chronic airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in older adults? J Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci,1999,54A:M136-139. 6 钟南山.老年支气管哮喘发病的临床特点.实用老年医学,1999,13:115. 7 Doggon D.Air pollution in homes.(Editorial).BMJ,1996,312:1316. 8 Dow L,Coggon D,Campbell MJ,et al.The interaction between immunoglobulin E and smoking in air flow obstruction in the elderly.Am Rev Respir Dis,1992,146:402-407. 9 Parmeswaran K,Hildreth AJ,Chada D,et al.Asthma in the elderly:under perceived under diagnosed and under treated,a community survey.Respir Med,1998,92:573-577. 10 Young RP,Dekker JW,Wordsworth BE,et al.HLA-DR and HLADP genotypes and immunoglobulin E responses to common major allergens.Clin Exp Allergy,1994,24:431-439. 11 Shirakawa TS,Li A,Dubowitz M,et al.Association between atopy and variance of the b subunit of the high affinity immunoglobulin E receptor.Nat Genet,1994,7:124-129. 12 Ruse CE,Hill MC,Burton PB,et al.Associations of polymorphisms of the highaffinity immunoglobulin E receptor and lateonset airflow obstruction in older populations.J Am Geriatr Soc,2003,51(9):1265-1269. 13 Campbell MJ,Cogman GR,Holgate ST,et al.Age specific trends in asthma mortality in England and Wales,1982-1995:results of an observational study.BMJ,1997,314:1439-1441. 14 British Thoracic Society and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network British guideline on the management of asthma.Thorax,2003,58(Suppl 1):11-194. 15 British Thoracic Society,National Asthma Campaign,Royal College of Physicians of London,et al.The British guidelines on asthma management. 16 Pezzoli L,Giardini G,Consonni S,et al.Quality of spirometric performance in older people.Age Ageing,2003,32:43-46. 17 Connolly MJ,Clement D,Darby D.Hospital assessment of acute exacerbations of COPD in young and elderly patients:agreement with the British Thoracic Society(BTS)guidelines.Age Ageing,2002,31(Suppl 2):33. 18 Price DB,Hernandez D,Magyar P,et al.Randomised controlled trial of montelukast plus inhaled budesonide versus double dose inhaled budesonide in adult patients with asthma.Thorax,2003,58:211-216. 19 Ducharme FM.Inhaled glucocorticoids versus leukotriene receptor antagonists as single agent asthma treatment:systematic review of current evidence.BMJ,2003,326:621-623. 20 National Osteoporosis Society.Guidelines on the prevention and management of glucocorticoid osteoporosis.Bath:National Osteoporosis Society,1998. |
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