ith the Halle does Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artistic elite of Paris as expensive and ugly follies. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic status. The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop.

11.What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Advances in iron processing in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
(B) The effects of t he Industrial Revolution on traditional architectural styles
(C) Advantages of stone and timber over steel as a building material
(D) The evolution of the use of iron in architecture during the 1800's

12.The word "revolutionized" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) quickly started
(B) gradually opened
(C) dramatically changed
(D) carefully examined

13.According to the passage, iron was NOT used for beams, columns, and girders prior to the early eighteenth century because

(A) all available iron was needed for other purposes
(B) limited mining capability made iron too expensive
(C) iron was considered too valuable for use in public buildings
(D) the use of charcoal for refining are produced poor quality iron

14. Iron replaced stone and timber in the building of bridges because iron was considered

(A) more beautiful
(B) new and modern
(C) much stronger
(D) easier to transport

15. The word "it" in line 11 refers to

(A) industrial architecture
(B) internal iron skeleton
(C) stone
(D) strength

16. The word "appeal" in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) adjustment
(B) assignment
(C) attraction
(D) attempt

17. The word "spawned" in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A)Created
(B)maintained
(C)rejected
(D)exposed

18. The word "surpassed" in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A)imitated
(B) exceededC)approached
(D)included

19. According to paragraph 3, the architectural significance of the Halle des Machines was its

(A)wide span
(B)great height
(C)unequaled beauty
(D)prefabricated units of glass

20. How did the artistic elite mentioned in the passage react to the buildings at the Paris Exhibition?

(A) They tried to copy them.
(B) They ridiculed them.
(C) They praised them.
(D) They refused to pay to see them.

21. It can be inferred that the delayed use of exposed iron structures in traditional styles of architecture is best explained by the

(A) impracticality of using iron for small, noncommercial buildings
(B) association of iron architecture with the problems of the Industrial Revolution
(C) general belief that iron offered less resistance to fire and harsh weather than traditional materials
(D) general perception that iron structures were not aesthetically pleasing

22. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses

(A) the gradual inclusion of exposed iron in traditional styles of architecture
(B) further improvements in iron processing methods
(C) the return to traditional building materials for use in commercial structures
(D) the decreased use of stone and timber as a building material

Questions 23——32

The most easily recognizable meteorites are the iron variety, although they only represent about 5 percent of all meteorite falls. They are composed of iron and nickel along with sulfur, carbon, and traces of other elements. Their composition is thought to he similar to that of Earth's iron core 3 and indeed they might have once made up the core of a large planetoid that disintegrated long ago. Due to their dense structure, iron meteorites have the best chance of surviving an impact, and most are found by farmers plowing their fields.

One of the best hunting grounds for meteorites is on the glaciers of Antarctica1 where the dark stones stand out in stark contrast to the white snow and ice. When

meteorites fall on the continent) they are embedded in the moving ice sheets. At places where the glaciers move upward against mountain ranges, meteorites are left exposed on the surface. Some of the meteorites that have landed in Antarctica are believed to have conic from the Moon and even as far away as Mars, when large impacts blasted out chunks of material and hurled them toward Earth.

Perhaps the world's largest source of meteorites is the Nullarbor Plain, an area of limestone that stretches for 400 miles along the southern coast of Western and South Australia. The pale, smooth desert plain provides a perfect backdrop for spotting meteorites, which are usually dark brown of black. Since very little erosion takes place, the meteorites are well preserved and are found just where they landed. Over 1,000. fragments from 150 meteorites that fell during the last 20,000 years have been recovered. One large iron meteorite, called the Mundrabilla meteorite, weighed more than 11 tons.

Stony meteorites, called chordates, are the most common type and make up more than 90 percent of all falls . But because they are similar to Earth materials and therefore erode easily, they are often difficult to find. Among the most ancient bodies in the solar system are the carbonaceous chondrites that also contain carbon compounds that might have been the precursors of life on Earth.

23. What is the passage mainly about?

(A) Finding meteorites on Earth's surface
(B) How the composition of meteorites is similar to that of Earth
(C) Why most meteorites do not survive impact with Earth
(D) The origins of meteorites

24. The word "core" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) center
(B) surface
(C) mineral
(D) field

25.The author mentions "dark stones" and "white snow" in line 9 to illustrate that.

(A) meteorites are found most often inAntarctica
(B) glaciers stop meteorites from mixing with soil
(C) meteorites are easier to find in glacial areas
(D) most of Antarctica is covered with meteorites

26. The word "embedded" in line 10 is closest in meaning to

(A) isolated
(B) encased
(C)enhanced
(D) enlarged

27.The word "spotting" in line 17 is closest in meaning to

(A) removing
(B) identifying
(C)cooling
(D) falling

28.The passage suggests that which of the following is most commonly responsible for the poor preservation of meteorites that fall to Earth?

(A) The size of the fragments
(B) Ice sheets
(C) Erosion
(D) Desert heat

29.Where was the Mundrabilla meteorite discovered?

(A)On the Nullarbor Plain
(B)In a field
(C)On a mountain
(D)In Antarctica

30.The word "they" in line 25 refers to

(A)stony meteorites
(B) falls
(C)Earth materials
(D) ancient bodies

31.Why does the author mention carbonaceous chondrites (line 26)?

(A) They are the largest meteorites found on Earth
(B) They are most likely to be found whole.
(C) They come from outside the solar system.
(D) They may be related to the origins of life on Earth.

32.According to the passage, stony meteorites are

(A) composed of fragmented materials
(B) less likely to be discovered than iron meteorites
(C) mostly lost in space
(D) found only on the Nullarbor Plain

Questions 33-41

A pioneering set of experiments has been important in the revolution in our understanding of animal behavior-a revolution that eroded the behaviorist dogma that only humans have minds. These experiments were designed to detect consciousness-that is, signs of self-awareness or self-recognition-in animals other than humans.

The scientific investigation of an experience as private as consciousness is frustratingly beyond the usual tools of the experimental psychologist. This may be one reason that many researchers have shied away from the notion of mind and consciousness in nonhuman animals. In the late1960's, however, psychologist Gordon Gallup devised a test of the sense of self: the mirror test. if an animal were able to recognize its reflection in a mirror as "self," then it could be said to possess an awareness of self, or consciousness. It is known that a cat or a dog reacts to its own image in mirror, but often it treats it as that of another individual whose behavior very soon becomes puzzling and boring.

The experiment called for fanuliarizing the animal with the mirror and then marking the animal's forehead with a red spot. If the animal saw the reflection as just another individual, it might wonder about the curious red spot and might even touch the mirror. But if the animal realized that the reflection was of itself, it would probably touch the spot on its own body. The first time Gallup tried the experiment with a chimpanzee, the animal acted as if it knew that the reflection was its own, it touched the red spot on its forehead. Gallup' report of the experiment, published in a. 1970 article, was a milestone in our understanding of animal minds and psychologists wondered how widespread self-recognition would prove to be.

28. The word "dogma" in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) evaluation
(B) proof
(C) intention
(D) belief

34. The word "detect" in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) imitate the behavior of
(B) provide a reason for
(C) discover the presence of
(D) report a need for

35.Which of the following statements best describes the behaviorist position with regard to consciousness in nonhuman animals?

(A) Most nonhuman animals show signs of self-consciousness.
(B) Most monhuman animals can be taught self-consciousness.
(C) Chimpanzees are the only nonhuman animals that have a human level of self-consciousness.
(D) Nonhuman animals do not possess self-consciousness

36.The author suggests that researchers before 1960 probably avoided studying nonhuman animal consciousness because they

(A) did not wish to experiment with live animal subjects
(B) were discouraged by earlier unsuccessful experiments that studied human consciousness
(C) had not yet devised adequate research methods for animal consciousness experiments
(D) lacked the necessary laboratory equipment

37.The phrase "shied away from" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) approached
(B) avoided
(C) respected
(D) allowed

38.What does the author mean when stating in line 14 that "The experiment called for familiarizing the animal with the mirror?

(A) The experiment required the use of a chimpanzee that had not participated in previous mirror tests.
(B) Gallup had to allow the chimpanzee to become accustomed to the mirror before he began the experiment.
(C) Gallup had to teach the chimpanzee to recognize its reflection in the mirror.
(D) The chimpanzee had to first watch the experiment being conducted with another chimpanzee.

39.The word "it" in line 16 refers to

(A) red spot
(B) animal
(C) reflection
(D) another individual

40. The chimpanzee in Gallup's first experiment responded to the
mirror test by touching

(A) its own forehead
(B) the researcher's forehead
(C) the red spot on the mirror
(D)the red spot on another chimpanzee

41. The word "milestone" in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) significant development
(B) initial step
(C) universal concept
(D) obstruction to progress

Questions 42-50

Biological diversity has become widely recognized as a critical conservation issue only in the past two decades. The rapid destruction of the tropical rain forests, which are the ecosystems with the highest known species diversity on Earth, has awakened people to the importance and fragilityof biological diversity. The high rate of species extinctions in these environments is jolting, but it is important to recognize the significance of biological diversity in all ecosystems. As the human population continues to expand, it will negatively affect one after another of Earth's ecosystems. In terrestrial ecosystems and in fringe marine ecosystems (such as wetlands), the most common problem is habitat destruction. in most situations, the result is irreversible. Now humans are beginning to destroy marine ecosystems through other types of activities, such as disposal and run off of poisonous waste; in less than two centuries, by significantly reducing the variety of species on Earth, they have unraveled cons of evolution and irrevocably redirected its course.

Certainly, there have been periods in Earth's history when mass extinctions have occurred. The extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by some physical event, either climatic or cosmic. There have also been less dramatic extinctions, as when natural competition between species reached an extreme conclusion. Only .01 percent of the species that have lived on Earth have survived to the present, and it was largely chance that determined which species survived and which died out.

However, nothing has ever equaled the magnitude and speed with which the human species is altering the physical and chemical world and demolishing the environment. In fact, there is wide agreement that it is the rate of change humans are inflicting, even more than the changes themselves, that will lead to biological devastation. Life on Earth has continually been in flux as slow physical and chemical changes have occurred on Earth, but life needs time to adapt-time for migration and genetic adaptation within existing species and time for the proliferation of new genetic material and new species that may be able to survive in new environments.

42. What does the passage mainly discuss?

extinction of the discuss?
(B)The variety of species found in tropical rain forests.
(C) The impact of human activities on Earth's ecosystems
(D) The time required for species to adapt to new environments

43. The word "critical" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) negative
(B) essential
(C)interesting
(D) complicated

44. The word "jolting" in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) predicted
(B) shocking
(C)unknown
(D) illuminating

45. The author mentions the reduction of the variety of species on Earth in lines 11 - 12 to suggest that

(A) new habitats can be created for species
(B)humans are often made ill by polluted water
(C) some species have been made extinct by human activity
(D) an understanding of evolution can prevent certain species from disappearing

46. The author mentions all of the following as examples of the effect of humans oil the world's ecosystems EXCEPT

(A) destruction of the tropical rain forests
(B) habitat destruction in wetlands
(C)damage to marine ecosystems
(D)the introduction of new varieties of plant species

47.The author mentions the extinction of the dinosaurs in the second paragraph to emphasize that

(A)the cause of the dinosaurs extinction is unknown
(B)Earth's climate has changed significantly since the dinosaurs' extinction
(C)not all mass extinctions have been caused by human activity
(D) actions by humans could not stop the irreversible process of a species' extinction

48.The word "magnitude" in line 20 is closest in meaning to

(A) concern
(B) determination
(C)carelessness
(D) extent

49. According to the passage, natural evolutionary change is different from changes caused by humans in that changes caused by humans

(A) are occurring at a much faster rate
(B) are less devastating to most species
(C)affect fewer ecosystems
(D) are reversible

50.With which of the following statements would the author be most likely to agree?

(A)human influence on ecosystems should not be a factor in determining public policy.
(B)The extinction of a few species is an acceptable consequence of human progress.
(C)Technology will provide solutions to problems caused by the destruction of ecosystems.
(D) humans should be more conscious of the influence they have on ecosystems